Internal Medicine Today
Volume:24 Issue: 1, 2018

Aims: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens lipopeptide are made of amino acids and fatty acid chain, and have many antifungal activities against several important pathogenic yeasts. The present research was carried out with the aim of extraction and evaluation of antifungal effect of lipopeptide compounds produced by Esfahan native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis.
In this experimental study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 was cultured in modified Peptone-Glucose-Yeast extract medium (PGY) for 72 hours. Then, the lipopeptide compounds produced in the medium by precipitation with HCl 6M were extracted and dissolved in methanol (50% water; 50% methanol). The antifungal activity of lipopeptide compounds against 5 species of Candida was investigated by well diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Fungal Concentration (MFC). Also, germ tube production by Candida albicans in tube containing lipopeptide was investigated.
Findings: The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 lipopeptide metabolites inhibited germ tube production in all C. albicans yeasts, but no inhibitory or fatal effect was observed on other species of Candida. Inhibition zone was not observed around the wells; in all dilutions, Candida yeasts grew. Therefore, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration were not determined.
The lipopeptide metabolites produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 have no inhibitory or fungal effects on the studied species of Candida, but inhibit the germ tubes production by Candida albicans yeast.

Aims: Fluctuation in the homeostasis system is one of the main causes of heart attacks. Physical activity plays an important role in automatic control of the cardiovascular system. This study aimed at investigating the effect of one period of resistance training on some fibrinolytic factors in active young men.
In this semi-experimental study, 30 young male athletes belonging to a gym in Qom, Iran were selected through convenience sampling method in 2016; they were randomly assigned to single-joint resistance training, multi-joint resistance training, and control groups (N=10). The training protocol was implemented 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. In order to evaluate the serum levels of fibrinogen, PT (Prothrombin Time), and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time), 6cc blood sample was collected from participants before training and after the last training session. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, using factor analysis of variance (2×3), Bonferroni's post hoc test, and paired t-test.
Findings: Regardless of the type of protocol, a resistance training period reduced fibrinogen (p=0.0001) and increased prothrombin time (p=0.047), but it did not significantly change partial thromboplastin time (p=0.111).
Resistance training reduces the fibrinogen amount and increases PT in active young men, but it does not change PTT.

Aims: Yawning is a phylogenetic and contagious behavior that occurs with the stretching or penile erection in mammals, birds, and reptiles under different conditions. This study aimed at determining the acute and chronic effects of the injection of 1-(3-chlorophenyl) Piperazine and Mianserin on yawning and penile erection of adult male rats.
In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (250-300g) were randomly divided to 3 groups (n=10), including the control group that received saline subcutaneous injection, the group that received 0.5mg/kg 1-(3-chlorophenyl) Piperazine subcutaneous injection, and the group that received 0.2mg/kg Mianserin subcutaneous injection. After the subcutaneous injections in acute phase (day1) and chronic phase (day14), the number of yawning and penile erection was observed for 60 minutes and it was recorded. The data were analyzed by SPSS 13 software using one-way analysis of variance, Tukey post-hoc, and paired t-test.
Findings: Compared with the control group, Mianserin group showed a significant increase in the number of yawning (p The acute injection of Mianserin increases the number of yawning and penile erection of adult male rats and its chronic injection decreases them. 1-(3-Chlorophenyl) Piperazine increases the number of yawning only in the chronic phase.

Aims: Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disease in human being. Self-care is the most important way of preventing complications. This study aimed at investigating the effects of peer-education on quality of life in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.
This semi experimental study was conducted at a diabetes clinic affiliated to Gonabad University of medical sciences, Iran in 2017 among 80 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients were selected based on available sampling method, and they were randomly divided into two groups, namely intervention and control (40 patients each group). The data of all patients were collected by demographic and disease information questionnaire and diabetic patient quality of life (QOL) questionnaire. The present study was carried out in three main steps: In the first step (before intervention), peers were trained by the researcher during four sessions. In the second step (intervention), quality of life of patients was assessed before training; then, patients in intervention group were trained and instructed during three sessions; the control group received the usual instruction, too. In the third step (one month later), quality of life of patients in both groups was assessed. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistics software Version 20, using Chi-square, Fisher, independent t test, paired t test, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon.
Findings: The mean scores of quality of life in intervention group did not have any significant difference with control group before instruction (p>0.05). After instruction, the mean scores of quality of life in the intervention group compared with the control group increased significantly (p Peer education improves quality of life in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aim: Preoperative anxiety is an unpleasant manner created by fear of surgery. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of diazepam pill with Safranal in reducing preoperative anxiety and improving vital symptoms.
Material and In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 54 patients who were candidates of urology surgery (varicocele) in 15th Khordad Hospital, Gonabad, Iran, were selected by purposive sampling method, using a randomized numbers table; they were divided into intervention (n=29) and control group (n=25). The patients in intervention group received 15mg Safranal and the patients in control group received 5mg oral diazepam 3 hours before surgery. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire was completed by the patients prior to the intervention and just at the entrance to the surgery room, and the vital symptoms of the patient were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software, using of Chi-square and independent sample t-test.
Findings: After intervention, the trait anxiety in the Safranal group was significantly lower than diazepam group (p=0.007) and before the intervention (p=0.002). Also, diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the Safranal group compared with the diazepam group (p=0.049).
Saffranal consumption before surgery is more effective than diazepam consumption in reducing the trait anxiety, but it does not affect state anxiety. Also, compared to diazepam, Saffranal consumption leads to a more reduction in diastolic blood pressure, while it does not affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Aims: Today, different drugs are used to treat Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD). These drugs not only impose costs on the patient, but also have many side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thymus vulgaris inhaling on wheezing and respiratory rate in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The present randomized, controlled, single blind clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with AECOPD referred to Emergency Department of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran in 2016. The patients were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups based on the permutation blocks method. The intervention group received T. vulgaris 1% inhaling as much as 5ml for 15 minutes through inhaling treatment mask, and the control group used distilled water inhaling for the same amount and duration with inhaling treatment mask. The patient's respiration rate and wheezing for both groups were recorded for 1 minute. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.
Finding: In the intervention group after the inhaling, the mean respiratory rate decreased significantly compared to before the intervention (p=0.001). The reduction in wheezing intensity was also significant in the intervention group (p=0.001).
Thymus vulgaris inhaling is effective in reduction of wheezing and respiratory rate in patients with AECOPD.

Aims: Giardia lamblia is one the most important of intestinal flagellate protozoan which in terms of medical parasitology and public health is important in Iran and many countries. Considering the resistance of parasite to chemical drugs, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of saffron hydroalcoholic extract on Giardia lamblia cyst in vitro.
In this experimental study, cysts of Giardia were isolated from high-infected stool samples and concentrated by 0.85 molar sucrose. Then, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron in concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml was evaluated on cyst life at different times (one minute, 2 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, 3 hours and 24 hours). The vital staining of cysts with Eosin 0.1% was used to determine the percentage of cysts life. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and by two-way ANOVA, multiple scales and paired t-test.
Findings: Increasing the concentration of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron and also increasing the time of exposure to cysts, the mean of effect percentage of saffron extract increased gradually as compared to control group, so that the concentration of 50 and 100 mg/ml of extract after 3 and 24 hours had the highest toxicity on Giardia cyst in vitro (p Hydroalcoholic extract of saffron is effective in eliminating Giardia lamblia cysts in vitro in concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml after 3 and 24 hours.

Aims: The health of mother and fetus might be affected by anxiety during pregnancy. Training interventions can prevent the anxiety disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the supportive-educational intervention based on Orem self-care model on the anxiety of primigravidae.
In the single-blind clinical trial study, sixty 28- to 34-week pregnant women in their first pregnancy, referred to the health centers of Mashhad, were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via purposeful cluster sampling method, were randomly divided into two 30-person groups including experimental and control groups. Data was collected by demographic and pregnancy questionnaires and Spielberger anxiety scale. Four 60-minute supportive-educational program sessions were conducted based on Orem self-care model in experimental group. The manifest anxiety was measured in both groups at the beginning of the conduction of the intervention and one week after the end of the intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, independent T, and paired T tests.
Findings: Before the intervention, the mean scores of manifest anxiety in the groups were not significantly different (p=0.793). Nevertheless, after the intervention, the scores were significantly different (p=0.0001). In addition, the mean scores of manifest anxiety were significantly different before and after the intervention in experimental group (p=0.006). However, the difference was not significant in control group (p=0.086).
Supportive-educational intervention based on Orem self-care model reduces anxiety in 3-month primigravidae.

Aims: Considering the existence of fungal contamination and the close contact of dentists with the oral cavity of their patients, the question raised here is whether addressing the dental profession can be considered a risk factor for oral candidiasis with Candida albicans? This study aimed at investigating the relationship between dentistry and oral colonization of Candida albicans.
This case-control study was conducted among 72 individuals in Birjand, Iran in 2016; they were selected by random sampling method and divided into 2 groups: The case group consisted of 35 dentists working in Birjand and the control group consisted of 37 non-medical personnel of Birjand University of Medical sciences. The samples were obtained from rear surface of the tongue and salivary secretions. Individuals with positive culture results were considered Candida albicans oral carriers. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests.
Findings: Although the number of positive culture results in Candida albicans oral carriers (17.1%) was twice more than in control group (8.1%), there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05)
The dentists are at risk of contamination and oral colonization of Candida albicans not more than what non-medical personnel are.

Aims: Breast cancer, as the most common cancer in women, will lead to death in case it is not diagnosed timely, and if the early diagnosis is timely, the chance of recovery will increase in the early stages. The aim of this study was to determine the factors engaged with women performance in doing regular breast self-examination or referring to health centers for examination and mammography.
In this descriptive-analytic cross sectional study, in 2012, 9260 women aged 20 to 65 years old in Isfahan province, Iran were selected from different districts by multistage cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The underlying variables, knowledge of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and beliefs about breast cancer diagnosis were considered as predictors of women performance. The data were analyzed by STATA 13 software, using Pearson correlation coefficient test, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression.
Findings: Generally, 55.7% of the patients had a poor knowledge of cancer risk factors. Knowledge about signs and symptoms of breast cancer was relatively good in 83.7% of the patients. Also, women belief in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment was poor. Knowledge of risk factors (OR=1.2), knowledge of signs and symptoms (OR=1.5), and beliefs (OR=1.3) were positive predictors of performance.
The underlying variables, knowledge of cancer risk factors, knowledge of signs and symptoms of breast cancer, and belief in the effectiveness of examination increase the women performance (self- examination or referring to health centers for examination) for breast cancer examination.

Aims: High-risk and unsafe sexual behaviors are prevalent in individuals with drug use disorder, and sexual behaviors also play a key role in addiction treatment and general health of such individuals. Thus, regarding the sensitivity of this issue and the significance of research in the sexual behaviors field, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing hypersexual disorder and its dimensions in patients with drug use disorder and normal people.
Instruments and In the present causal-comparative study, 100 men with drug use disorder, who were selected by purposive sampling and were referred to mid-term residential centers in Tabriz, Iran, were compared with 100 normal men, who were matched based on the demographic information of drug use disorder group in 2016. The data were collected by demographic and drug use style questionnaire and Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). Using SPSS 22 software, the data were analyzed by independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Findings: The mean score of hypersexual disorder was higher in people with drug use disorder than normal people, and 13% of scores were expressed by hypersexual disorder group (p People with drug use disorder have higher hypersexual disorder than normal people.

Aims: Based on the principles of physiology, the blood used in the system of point of care is the capillary blood that its biochemical contents are in equilibrium with the mediastinum fluid. In edematous diabetic patients, the first and second blood drops of the stick place are apparently different. In the clinical centers of the country, the first drop is used as a blood glucose test using point of care method. The aim of this study was to compare the level of glucose through first and second fingertip blood and venous blood samples of edematous diabetic patients in stroke intensive care units.
In this cross sectional, analytical descriptive study, 103 edematous diabetic patients were selected via available sampling method. The subjects were hospitalized in stroke ICU Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran in 2012. Glucometry was performed, using first and second capillary blood drops and standard venous sample simultaneously. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 software, using repeated meature ANOVA, paired t-test, and Bland–Altman plot.
Findings: There was no significant difference in glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops (p=0.257), while there was a significant difference between glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops with standard venous sample (p

Aims: Usually, patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) are left in the community after discharge and their care is not controlled. One of the most important measures for the effectiveness of heart surgery and decease its complications is cardiac rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program training based on continues care model on empowerment and cardiovascular indices in patients with ischemic heart disease.
In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 70 patients with IHD, who were hospitalized and discharged in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of Vasei Hospital, Sabzevar, Iran in 2017, were selected based on the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of control (N=35) and intervention (N=35). The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics, checklist for recording the hemodynamic variables, and empowerment questionnaire. Patient's empowerment and cardiovascular indices were assessed before and after the implementation of the cardiac rehabilitation program based on continues care model. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using independent t-test, and Chi-square test.
Findings: After the intervention, the mean score of empowerment was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.03). Also, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol and blood glucose levels were significantly different in the two groups after the intervention (p The cardiac rehabilitation program training based on continues care model is effective in empowerment and cardiovascular indices in patients with ischemic heart disease.